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    Last edited by Bill[uk]; 01-24-2015, 08:45 AM.
    Colloid cyst removed from 3rd ventricle endoscopically oct 07 shunt inserted late oct 07.

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      Check out the link

      thecollectiveint.com/2014/01/yes-this-is-first-actual-video-of.html

      VIDEO IMAGES of memories being formed
      Last edited by Bill[uk]; 01-25-2015, 01:04 PM.
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        Memory processing/ sleep

        Scientists have shown numerous ways in which sleep is related to memory. In a study conducted by Turner, Drummond, Salamat, and Brown (2007),[72] working memory was shown to be affected by sleep deprivation. Working memory is important because it keeps information active for further processing and supports higher-level cognitive functions such as decision making, reasoning, and episodic memory. The study allowed 18 women and 22 men to sleep only 26 minutes per night over a four-day period. Subjects were given initial cognitive tests while well-rested, and then were tested again twice a day during the four days of sleep deprivation. On the final test, the average working memory span of the sleep-deprived group had dropped by 38% in comparison to the control group.

        The relation between working memory and sleep can also be explored by testing how working memory works during sleep. Daltrozzo, Claude, Tillmann, Bastuji, and Perrin,[73] using Event-Related Potentials to the perception of sentences during sleep showed that working memory for linguistic information is partially preserved during sleep with a smaller capacity compared to wake.

        Memory seems to be affected differently by certain stages of sleep such as REM and slow-wave sleep (SWS). In one study,[74] multiple groups of human subjects were used: wake control groups and sleep test groups. Sleep and wake groups were taught a task and were then tested on it, both on early and late nights, with the order of nights balanced across participants. When the subjects' brains were scanned during sleep, hypnograms revealed that SWS was the dominant sleep stage during the early night, representing around 23% on average for sleep stage activity.

        The early-night test group performed 16% better on the declarative memory test than the control group. During late-night sleep, REM became the most active sleep stage at about 24%, and the late-night test group performed 25% better on the procedural memory test than the control group. This suggests that procedural memory benefits from late, REM-rich sleep, whereas declarative memory benefits from early, slow wave-rich sleep.

        A study conducted by Datta[75] indirectly supports these results. The subjects chosen were 22 male rats. A box was constructed wherein a single rat could move freely from one end to the other. The bottom of the box was made of a steel grate. A light would shine in the box accompanied by a sound. After a five-second delay, an electrical shock would be applied. Once the shock commenced, the rat could move to the other end of the box, ending the shock immediately. The rat could also use the five-second delay to move to the other end of the box and avoid the shock entirely.

        The length of the shock never exceeded five seconds. This was repeated 30 times for half the rats. The other half, the control group, was placed in the same trial, but the rats were shocked regardless of their reaction. After each of the training sessions, the rat would be placed in a recording cage for six hours of polygraphic recordings.

        This process was repeated for three consecutive days. This study found that during the posttrial sleep recording session, rats spent 25.47% more time in REM sleep after learning trials than after control trials. These trials support the results of the Born et al. study, suggesting a correlation between REM sleep and procedural knowledge.

        An observation of the Datta study is that the learning group spent 180% more time in SWS than did the control group during the post-trial sleep-recording session.[76] This study shows that after spatial exploration activity, patterns of hippocampal place cells are reactivated during SWS following the experiment. Rats were run through a linear track using rewards on either end. The rats would then be placed in the track for 30 minutes to allow them to adjust (PRE), then they ran the track with reward-based training for 30 minutes (RUN), and then they were allowed to rest for 30 minutes.

        During each of these three periods, EEG data were collected for information on the rats' sleep stages. The mean firing rates of hippocampal place cells during prebehavior SWS (PRE) and three ten-minute intervals in postbehavior SWS (POST) were calculated by averaging across 22 track-running sessions from seven rats. The results showed that ten minutes after the trial RUN session, there was a 12% increase in the mean firing rate of hippocampal place cells from the PRE level. After 20 minutes, the mean firing rate returned rapidly toward the PRE level. The elevated firing of hippocampal place cells during SWS after spatial exploration could explain why there were elevated levels of slow-wave sleep in Datta's study, as it also dealt with a form of spatial exploration.

        A study has also been done involving direct current stimulation to the prefrontal cortex to increase the amount of slow oscillations during SWS. The direct current stimulation greatly enhanced word-pair retention the following day, giving evidence that SWS plays a large role in the consolidation of episodic memories.[77]

        The different studies suggest that there is a correlation between sleep and the complex functions of memory. Harvard sleep researchers Saper[78] and Stickgold[79] point out that an essential part of memory and learning consists of nerve cell dendrites' sending of information to the cell body to be organized into new neuronal connections. This process demands that no external information is presented to these dendrites, and it is suggested that this may be why it is during sleep that memories and knowledge are solidified and organized.

        Recent studies examining gene expression and evolutionary increases in brain size offer complimentary support for the role of sleep in the mammalian memory consolidation theory. Evolutionary advances in the size of the mammalian amygdala, (a brain structure active during sleep and involved in memory processing), are also associated with increases in NREM sleep durations.[80] Likewise, nighttime gene expression differs from daytime expression and specifically targets genes thought to be involved in memory consolidation and brain plasticity.
        Last edited by Bill[uk]; 01-25-2015, 01:02 PM.
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          Check out the links

          Thinking fast & slow

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          Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - Audio book
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            Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - The memory is vital to life and without it we could not be the people we are, but can it really contain the sum of all our experience? - radio programme
            Last edited by Bill[uk]; 01-30-2015, 01:03 PM.
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              Check out the links


              Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - emotions of decision making - radio programme

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              Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - Amnesia and deliberate forgetting
              Last edited by Bill[uk]; 02-07-2015, 02:15 AM.
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                Check out the link

                Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - search results for memory on BBC
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                  Check out the link

                  Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - Dogs' brain scans reveal vocal responses

                  Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - dogs can differentiate between happy & sad faces

                  Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - memory loss

                  Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - new neurons & memories
                  Last edited by Bill[uk]; 02-15-2015, 11:38 PM.
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                    Check out the link

                    Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - memory & the senses - good link
                    Last edited by Bill[uk]; 02-16-2015, 01:57 PM.
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                      Check out the link

                      Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - false memory & Alzheimer's radio programme
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                        Check out the link

                        Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... -memory -radio programme
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                          Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... -A point of view -the upside of losing ones memory -article
                          Last edited by Bill[uk]; 03-15-2015, 12:54 AM.
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                            Check out the link

                            Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - sleep info
                            Colloid cyst removed from 3rd ventricle endoscopically oct 07 shunt inserted late oct 07.

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                              Check out the link

                              Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - Sleeping: the 8-hour myth -radio programme
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                                Check out the links

                                Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - SLEEP APP- kids sleep Dr

                                Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - Repeated remembering 'wipes similar memories'

                                Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - flexibility of representational states in working memory

                                Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - similar memories benefit from extra space in the brain

                                Only registered and activated users can see links., Click Here To Register... - memory loss articles
                                Last edited by Bill[uk]; 04-04-2015, 01:55 PM.
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